Arachnologische Mitteilungen 54

Zatypota anomala parasitoid of cribellate spider Dictyna pusilla 3 anomala seems to be exclusively associated with the genus Dictyna in Europe (Miller et al. 2013, Gauld & Dubois 2006, Korenko unpubl. data, this study). A similarly narrow host specialisation can be found in Z. kerstinae known only from Finland, which is assumed to be associated only with The- ridion palmgreni Marusik & Tsellarius, 1986 (Fritzén 2010). In contrast, Zatypota percontatoria attacks several closely rela- ted host species from the family Theridiidae (Korenko et al. 2011), while Z. picticollis from central and western Europe attacks three araneid species from three different genera, na- mely Cyclosa conica (Pallas, 1772), Mangora acalypha (Walcke- naer, 1802) and Zilla diodia (Walckenaer, 1802) (Zwakhals 2006, Korenko et al. 2015). Dictynids are cribellate spiders, i.e. spiders which use silk produced by a special silk spinning organ called the cribellum. Cribellate silk not only serves to capture prey, but could also protect the spider against predators or parasitoids. Presumab- le, Zatypota anomala developed a way to avoid this barrier and to use this silk mass for its own protection during the pupal stage. However, there is no other polysphinctine parasitoid which is known to be able to associate with any cribellate spi- der.The way in which Zatypota albicoxa lures the spider host, how it avoids being captured by the silk, and how it oviposits on the spider host hidden inside the tangle web was docu- mented by Takasuka et al. (2009) and Takasuka & Matsu- moto (2011).The related species Z. albicoxa decoys the spider out from its retreat by pulling on threads in such a way as to imitate prey captured on the edge of the web (Takasuka et al. 2009). This luring of the spider host, also called “ambush- style”, would be expected in Z. anomala . Unfortunately, ob- servation of oviposition by Z. anomala is missing and merits further investigation. Zatypota species associated with space web weavers use the spider’s innate 3D web as protection for their pupation. Some wasps are known to force their spider hosts to build an additional 3D structure and thereby to improve protection for wasp pupation ( Z. percontatoria and Z. discolor ) (Korenko & Pekár 2011, Korenko unpubl. data). Others, like Z. kersti- nae , do not induce any changes in the host webbing (Fritzén pers. comm.).The studied species, Z. anomala , did not induce changes in web architecture, presumably because of the lo- cation of the parasitoid pupa inside the innate “sticky” space web of the Dictyna spider.The innate web of the dictynid host seems to provide sufficient protection for the parasitoid du- ring its pupal stage, meaning that there is no reason to waste energy or resources on modifying it. 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Arrow shows wasp cocoon located at the spider’s resting position.