Arachnologische Mitteilungen 55

Arachnologische Mitteilungen / Arachnology Letters 55: 42-45 Karlsruhe, April 2018 Terminology in all fields of science, including arachnology, is critically important because, if used inconsistently, it may lead to confusion (Lotte 1961, Anonymous 1968). For in- stance, if the same term is applied to different morphologi- cal structures or phenomena (e.g., the conductor in Lycosidae and other members of the RTA-clade) or if various terms are used for the same (= homological) morphological structures (e.g., spermatheca – receptacle – receptaculum, vulva – en- dogyne – uterus externus). In taxonomy/systematics, names play a very important role, helping to communicate biological information. Unfortunately, as with the terminology, there is no consistency in their use. There are at least three different types of names used by arachnologists: 1) typified names, 2) non-typified names, and 3) non-taxonomic names. What are typified names? These are the scientific fami­ ly used for taxa higher than species group names up to the family group names (superfamily) (ICZN 2012). Each ge- nus group name has a type species (= generotype), while for family group names a genus name is used as the type. For example, the type genus of the family Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833 and its nominative subfamily Lycosinae Sundevall, 1833 is Lycosa Latreille, 1804. Consequently, the type family of the superfamily Lycosoidea Sundevall, 1833 is Lycosidae. Compared to typified names, taxonomic group names higher than the superfamily rank have no designated type families, and hence are called non-typified names (e.g., al- most all order names in Hexapoda, Vertebrata, etc.). This is because the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) only governs the naming of taxa from species (sub- species, species, superspecies) to the family (subfamily, fam- ily, superfamily) group names (ICZN 2012: Article 1.2.2). Taxonomic names higher than superfamilies are not regulated by the ICZN. The third type of names that are commonly used in spider systematics are non-taxonomic names, for example, RTA- clade, Lost Trachea clade, Oval Calamistrum clade, etc. Such names are not regulated by any rules and are applicable to any taxon, from species to phyla ranks. These are poorly techni- cal, non-scientific (and not Latinized) names, as compared to those regulated by the ICZN. The aims of the present paper are (1) to briefly discuss all three name groups and their use in spider systematics, and (2) to indicate some nomenclatural problems related to non-typ- ified and non-taxonomic arachnological names and to suggest possible ways to resolve them. Typified names These names present no problems because their use is strictly governed by the ICZN (2012), which is a set of very detailed rules compiled by an international consortium of experts in zoological systematics and agreed upon by the entire zoologi- cal community.Thus, when a spider genus name is discussed, its type species (i.e., the only objective member thereof ) has to be considered in the first place. If a tribe, subfamily, family or superfamily name is discussed, the type genus needs to be primarily considered. Fairly often, arachnologists, like other zoologists, use typi- fied names at a level higher than family group names: e.g., Araneomorphae (based on Araneidae Clerck, 1757), Liphi- stiomorphae (based on Liphistiidae Thorell, 1869), or Thera- phosomorphae (based onTheraphosidaeThorell, 1869).There are also group names that could be conventionally treated as partly “typified” names, for example: – Mygalomorphae, based on Mygale Latreille, 1802, a juni- or homonym of Mygale Cuvier, 1800 (Mammalia), and the families Mygalides Sundevall, 1833 and Mygalidae Black- wall, 1845. – Araneae, based on Aranea Latreille, 1804, the suppressed name with the type species Aranea domestica Clerck, 1757 Supraspecific names in spider systematic and their nomenclatural problems Yuri M. Marusik doi: 10.30963/aramit5507 Abstract . Three different types of the names used in spider systematics are recognized and discussed: 1) typified taxonomic names, 2) non-typified taxonomic names, and 3) non-taxonomic names. Typified names are those fromgenus to superfamily group names; they are regulated by the ICZN. Non-typified names are used for taxonomic groups higher than superfamilies (e.g., Haplogynae, Mesothelae, etc.); they are not regulated by the ICZN but have an authorship, a fixed year of publication and are incorporated in a hierarchical classification. Non-taxonomic names are not regulated by any formal rules, unranked, have no authorship or description, and are non-typified. Some difficulties connected with the non-typified names in spider systematics are briefly discussed. Senior synonyms of some non-typified and non-taxonomic names are discussed, and suggestions are given on how to deal with the non-typified names lacking senior synonyms. Keywords : clade name, non-typified name, typified name. Zusammenfassung . Supraspezifische Namen in der Spinnensystematik und ihre nomenklatorischen Probleme. Drei verschie- dene Namenstypen in der Spinnensystematik werden diskutiert: 1) typisierte taxonomische Namen, 2) nicht-typisierte taxonomische Namen sowie 3) nicht-taxonomische Namen. Typisierte Namen reichen von Gattungen bis zu Überfamilien und sind durch die ICZN reguliert. Nicht-typisierte Namen werden für taxonomische Einheiten oberhalb von Überfamilien verwendet (z. B. Haplogynae, Meso- thelae), sind nicht durch die ICZN reguliert, haben aber Autoren, ein Erstbeschreibungsjahr und werden in hierarchischen Klassifikatio- nen verwendet. Nicht-taxonomische Namen sind ungeregelt, nicht hierarchisch und ihnen sind keine Erstautoren oder Erstnennungen zugeordnet. Schwierigkeiten der nicht-typisierten Namen werden ebenso diskutiert, wie ältere Synonyme einiger nicht-typisierter und nicht-taxonomischer Namen. Es werden Vorschläge gemacht wie mit den nicht-typisierten Namen ohne ältere Synonyme umgegangen werden kann. This contribution was presented at the 30th European Congress of Arachnology, Nottingham, 2017 August 20-25 Yuri M. Marusik, Institute for Biological Problems of the North RAS, Portovaya Str. 18, Magadan, Russia; Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfon- tein 9300, South Africa; Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland; E-mail: yurmar@mail.ru submitted 1.11.2017, accepted 6.2.2018, online 30.4.2018