Arachnologische Mitteilungen 56

Arachnids in old oaks 29 in tree hollows, though rarely (Christophoryová et al. 2011b, Krajčovičová & Christophoryová 2014). The Lower Morava Biosphere Reserve, which covers also our present study site, represents the only area within Czechia, from where D . cyrneus has been recorded; it was found in oak litter, under tree bark and phoretic on a longhorn beetle (Ducháč 1993b; Šťáhlavský & Chytil 2013). Šťáhlavský (2017) listed the spe- cies as vulnerable in the Czech red list. Discussion Most of the obtained 40 spider species represent arboreal ones (Szinetár & Horváth 2005). Only six taxa were epigeic: Cicu- rina cicur (Fabricius, 1793), Drassodes sp., Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) , Diplocephalus picinus (Blackwall, 1841), Pardosa sp. and Trochosa robusta (Simon, 1876). The most abundant species in the FITs were Anyphaena accentuata , Lep- torchestes berolinensis and Parasteatoda lunata . Anyphaena ac- centuata lives during the vegetation season on tree branches, L . berolinensis and P . lunata dwell on tree trunks (Buchar & Růžička 2002). Several small linyphiid spiders were obtained from FITs, including juvenile specimens, which disperse by ballooning. The majority of the species captured by FITs live on tree trunks or branches. Tegenaria ferruginea and Midia midas were most abundant in the pitfall traps. Both species are typical cavity dwellers (Růžička et al. 1991, Buchar & Růžička 2002). The money spider M . midas is rare and endangered in the whole of Eu- rope (Russell-Smith 2002, Řezáč et al. 2015). Another typi- cal hollow dweller is Scotophaeus quadripunctatus (Linnaeus, 1758), which we obtained only from pitfall traps. The record from Pohansko represents a new locality for Czechia, but not far from its nearest known locality close to Lednice (Kubcová & Schlaghamerský 2002). All specimens were obtained from pitfall traps.The number of spider species and family compo- sition obtained by pitfall trapping was similar to other stud- ies from tree hollows in Spain and Romania (Martínez De Murguía et al. 2007, Niţu et al. 2009), but the species com- position differed. Other remarkable spider species were the jumping spider L . berolinensis and the theridiid Dipoena eryth- ropus , listed in the Czech red list as vulnerable and critically endangered, respectively (Řezáč et al. 2015). Significantly more spiders were obtained from trees in the forest than from solitary trees in meadows. Forests have a high species pool of arboricolous spider species (Samu et al. 2014). More species and specimens were present on live trees than on dead ones. All of the collected pseudoscorpion species, except Che- lifer cancroides , represent typical inhabitants of tree micro- habitats. C . cancroides is considered to be cosmopolitan and synanthropic (Beier 1963), which may be related to its fre- quent occurrence in the nests of Hirundinidae (Turienzo et al. 2010). Nevertheless, its occurrence under tree bark and in tree cavities is also known (Mahnert 2011, Krajčovičová & Chris- tophoryová 2014). Šťáhlavský & Chytil (2013) recorded the species in tree hollows within Czechia, in the south Moravian floodplains at Lednice and Břeclav. During the present study, C . cancroides was found in both trap types.The same numbers of individuals were found in hollows of solitary trees as well as of trees situated in forest stands. Two specimens of Chernes hahnii were obtained in the present study, one in FIT one in a pitfall trap. The species shows a strong association with the microhabitat under tree bark (Šťáhlavský 2001, Drogla & Lippold 2004, Krajčovičová & Christophoryová 2014). Its presence in FIT could have been caused by its upwards migration on the tree trunks or by zoophoresy. Krajčovičová & Christophoryová (2014) collected 11 specimens of Chernes hahnii in photoeclectors installed on tree trunks which can also be related with upwards migration on the tree trunks. A surprisingly low number of Allochernes wideri was found in tree hollows in the present study. In a study conducted in Prague and its surroundings, A . wideri represented the second most abundant species found in tree hollows (Šťáhlavský 2001). The species was reported in all of the subsequent faunistic papers dealing with pseudoscorpions from tree microhabitats in Czechia (Šťáhlavský 2006a, 2006b, 2011, Šťáhlavský & Krásný 2007, Šťáhlavský & Tuf 2009, Šťáhlavský & Chytil 2013).Three species Larca lata , Apocheiridium ferum and Den- drochernes cyrneus are presented as remarkable records in the current paper.Two of them, L . lata and D . cyrneus , are listed in the Czech red list as vulnerable (Šťáhlavský 2017). In conclusion, looking at the obtained data, one has to bear in mind that whereas the pitfall traps collected speci- mens living in tree hollows or actively visiting them, the trapping of spiders and pseudoscorpions in free-hanging FITs was a rather accidental process. Both groups do not fly, though some passive air-born transport does occur (bal- looning and zoophoresy) (Decae 1987, Christophoryová et al. 2017a). However, other non-flying invertebrates have also been obtained from FITs (own unpublished observation). In the present case one has to assume that many individuals fall- ing down from the canopy, possibly taken by wind, ended up in the traps despite the trap roofs (meant to prevent flooding by rainwater and accumulation of debris in the trap funnel). We also observed spiders building their webs between the panes or between pane and roof. Acknowledgements Jana Christophoryová and Katarína Krajčovičová, working on the pseudoscorpion part of the paper,were financially supported by VEGA 1/0191/15.The Forests of the Czech Republic, state enterprise, kindly allowed us to access our study area using their roads in the Soutok Game Preserve. Stanislav Němejc, David Hauck and Jiří Procházka helped with field work.We would like to thank František Šťáhlavský and one anonymous reviewer for their valuable comments and cor- rections that improved the paper. 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