Arachnologische Mitteilungen 57

58 A. Hirna of climatic factors.These factors are, in particular, the low ave- rage annual temperatures (the average temperature is between -6 and -12 °C in January, and between +8 and +12 °C in July), with long-term freezing of the soil, strong gusty winds (up to 40 meters per second), high air humidity and significant annual precipitation (more than 1500 mm per year, Holubets et al. 1988). The alpine zone occupies only 0.1 % of the Ukrainian Car- pathians (14.2 km 2 ). Despite the fact that the territory is pro- tected, the main habitats of G. badia within the Chornohora Massif are suffering from an annual uncontrolled increase in the number of tourists. The consequences of this are heavily trampled areas on the summits of mountains and on their slopes adjacent to the many paths as well as an accumulation of plastic litter under stones. Besides this, in the last decade an increase in annual average temperatures and a longer period of vegetative growth has caused an upward movement of the tree line and overgrowing of the alpine zone by subalpine scrubs. Ecological and chorological peculiarities of G. badia, as well as human impact on its habitats and uncertainty about the impact of climate change on the native fauna of the high- lands determine a need to include this species in the list of threatened species of the Carpathians mountain system. Acknowledgements I am especially grateful to Volodymyr Lyesnik (Lviv, Ukraine) for help during the collecting of the arachnological material and to Barry Jareckyj (Scotland, UK) for linguistic help. Thanks to Galina Azarkina (Novosibirsk, Russia), Tatyana Oliger (the Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserve, Russia), Michail Sidorenko (Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) and Eugenij Zhukovets (Minsk, Belarus) for their comments on distribution and records of Gnaphosa badia , and the revision of collection specimens. I also thank the editors Theo Blick and Petr Dolejš, the reviewers Karl-Hinrich Kielhorn and Anna Šestáková, and Marjan Komnenov for their valuable comments and corrections that improved the paper. References Arachnologische Gesellschaft 2018 Atlas der Spinnentiere Europas. – Internet: https://atlas.arages.de (20. Jan. 2018) Azarkina GN & Trilikauskas LA 2013 Spider fauna (Aranei) of the Russian Altai, part II: families Gnaphosidae, Hahniidae, Liny- phiidae, Liocranidae and Lycosidae. – Euroasian Entomological Journal 12: 51-67 Blagoev G, Deltshev C, Lazarov S & Naumova M 2018The spiders (Araneae) of Bulgaria. Version: August 2018. – Internet: http:// www.nmnhs.com/spiders-bulgaria (20. 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