Supraspecific names in spider systematic and their nomenclatural problems
Supraspecific names in spider systematic and their nomenclatural problems
Supraspezifische Namen in der Spinnensystematik und ihre nomenklatorischen Probleme
clade name, non-typified name, typified name
Abstract
Three different types of the names used in spider systematics are recognized and discussed: 1) typified taxonomic names, 2) non-typified taxonomic names, and 3) non-taxonomic names. Typified names are those from genus to superfamily group names; they are regulated by the ICZN. Non-typified names are used for taxonomic groups higher than superfamilies (e.g., Haplogynae, Mesothelae, etc.); they are not regulated by the ICZN but have an authorship, a fixed year of publication and are incorporated in a hierarchical classification. Non-taxonomic names are not regulated by any formal rules, unranked, have no authorship or description, and are non-typified. Some difficulties connected with the non-typified names in spider systematics are briefly discussed. Senior synonyms of some non-typified and non-taxonomic names are discussed, and suggestions are given on how to deal with the non-typified names lacking senior synonyms.
Drei verschiedene Namenstypen in der Spinnensystematik werden diskutiert: 1) typisierte taxonomische Namen, 2) nicht-typisierte taxonomische Namen sowie 3) nicht-taxonomische Namen. Typisierte Namen reichen von Gattungen bis zu Überfamilien und sind durch die ICZN reguliert. Nicht-typisierte Namen werden für taxonomische Einheiten oberhalb von Überfamilien verwendet (z. B. Haplogynae, Mesothelae), sind nicht durch die ICZN reguliert, haben aber Autoren, ein Erstbeschreibungsjahr und werden in hierarchischen Klassifikationen verwendet. Nicht-taxonomische Namen sind ungeregelt, nicht hierarchisch und ihnen sind keine Erstautoren oder Erstnennungen zugeordnet. Schwierigkeiten der nicht-typisierten Namen werden ebenso diskutiert, wie ältere Synonyme einiger nicht-typisierter und nicht-taxonomischer Namen. Es werden Vorschläge gemacht wie mit den nicht-typisierten Namen ohne ältere Synonyme umgegangen werden kann.
Zitate / Referenzen
-
Anonymous 1968 [How to work with terminology. Basics and methods]. Nauka, Moscow. 76 pp [in Russian]
-
CIDA [Centre International de Documentation Arachnologique] 1996 Report of the Nomenclature Committee. In: Report on the XIII International Congress of Arachnology, Genève, Suisse. – Arachnologia 13: 4-5
-
Cameron HD 2005 An etymological dictionary of North American spider genus names. In: Ubick D, Paquin P, Cushing PE & Roth V (eds.) Spiders of North America: an identification manual. American Arachnological Society. pp. 274-330
-
ICZN 2012 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition (1999). The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK. 306 pp. [Incorporating Declaration 44, amendments of Article 74.7.3, with effect from 31 December 1999 and the Amendment on e-publication, amendments to Articles 8, 9, 10, 21 and 78, with effect from 1 January 2012]. – Internet: www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code (January 30, 2018)
-
ICZN [International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature] 2009 Opinion 2224 (Case 3371). Araneidae Clerck, 1758, Araneus Clerck, 1758 and Tegenaria Latreille, 1804 (Arachnida, Araneae): proposed conservation. – Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature 66: 192-193
-
Kluge NJ 2000 [Modern insect systematics. Principle of the systematic of live organisms and a general system of insects, with the classification of Apterygota and Palaeoptera]. St. Petersburg, Lan’. 332 pp [in Russian]
-
Kluge NJ 2007 Case 3371. Araneidae Clerck, 1758, Araneus Clerck, 1758 and Tegenaria Latreille, 1804 (Arachnida, Araneae): proposed conservation. ‒ Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature 64: 15-18
-
Kluge NJ 2010 Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in Hexapoda. ‒ Binomina 1: 15-55
-
Kluge NJ 2017 Nomina circumscribentia insectorum. – Internet: www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/nom (January 20, 2018).
-
Lehtinen PT 1967 Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families, with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha. ‒ Annales Zoologici Fennici 4: 199-468
-
Lotte DS 1961 [Basics for constructing scientific and technical terminology. Thoughts about theory and methodology]. USSR Academy of Sciences Press, Moscow. 159 pp. [in Russian]
-
Michalik P & Ramírez MJ 2014 Evolutionary morphology of the male reproductive system, spermatozoa and seminal fluid of spiders (Araneae, Arachnida) – current knowledge and future directions. ‒ Arthropod Structure and Development 43: 291-322
-
Petrunkevitch A 1933 An inquiry into the natural classification of spiders based on a study of their internal anatomy. – Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 31: 299-389
-
Platnick NI, Coddington JA, Forster RR & Griswold CE 1991 Spinneret morphology and the phylogeny of haplogyne spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae). ‒ American Museum Novitates 3016: 1-73
-
Ramírez MJ, Griswold C & Wheeler W 2016 The phylogeny of dionychan spiders: a combined analysis of sequences and morphology. ‒ Denver Museum of Nature & Science Reports 3 [abstracts of the “20th International Congress of Arachnology”]. p. 157
-
Savory T 1972 On the names of the orders of Arachnida. – Systematic Zoology 21: 122-125
-
Wheeler WC, Coddington JA, Crowley LM, Dimitrov D, Goloboff PA, Griswold CE, Hormiga G, Prendini L, Ramírez MJ, Sierwald P, Almeida-Silva L, Alvarez-Padilla F, Arnedo MA, Benavides LR, Benjamin SP, Bond JE, Grismado CJ, Hasan E, Hedin M, Izquierdo MA, Labarque FM, Ledford J, Lopardo L, Maddison WP, Miller JA, Piacentini LN, Platnick NI, Polotow D, Silva-Dávila D, Scharff N, Szűts T, Ubick D, Vink CJ, Wood HM & Zhang J 2017 The spider tree of life: Phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling. ‒ Cladistics 33: 576-616