When a little is enough: cocoon web of Kapogea cyrtophoroides (Araneae: Araneidae) induced by Hymenoepimecis heidyae (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae)
When a little is enough: cocoon web of Kapogea cyrtophoroides (Araneae: Araneidae) induced by Hymenoepimecis heidyae (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae)
Wenig ist schon genug: das Kokonnetz von Kapogea cyrtophoroides (Araneae: Araneidae) induziert von Hymenoepimecis heidyae (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae)
cocoon construction, cocoon webs, ectoparasitoids, host parasitoid interaction
Abstract
The final instar larvae of the koinobiont ectoparasitoids in the Polysphincta group of genera induce their host spiders to construct webs that protect the wasp pupa during its development. It has been hypothesized that changes in structure and design in the cocoon web correlate with the duration and characteristics of the normal web. Kapogea cyrtophoroides (Araneidae) construct long-lived, strong normal webs; the cocoon web induced by Hymenoepimecis heidyae (Ichneumonidae) is nearly identical to the normal web, providing support for the hypothesis. The larva constructs its cocoon in the centre of the host’s dense web, connecting it to the spider web and following the same behavioural pattern of construction described for other wasp species in the same group. The behaviour induced in the spider as well as the cocoon construction is very stereotypic, and consistent with other species, but modifications in the cocoon web seem to be strongly determined by the characteristics and design of the spiders’ normal web.
Das letzte Larvenstadium der koinobionten Ektoparasitoiden der Polysphincta Gattungsgruppe induziert bei ihren Wirten die Bildung eines Netzes, das die Puppe der Wespe während ihrer Entwicklung schützt. Es gibt die These, dass Änderungen in Struktur und Design des Kokonnetzes mit Lebensdauer und Charakteristika des normalen Netzes korrelieren. Kapogea cyrtophoroides (Araneidae) baut langlebige und kräftige normale Netze; dass das von Hymenoepimecis heidyae (Ichneumonidae) induzierte Kokonnetz fast identisch wie das normale Netz ist, unterstützt diese These. Die Larve spinnt ihren Kokon im dicht gewebten Zentrum des Wirtsnetzes, verknüpft ihn mit dem Spinnennetz und führt dabei die für andere Wespen der Gattungsgruppe bekannten Verhaltensmuster bei der Konstruktion durch. Das induzierte Verhalten der Spinne ist ebenso wie die Kokonkonstruktion sehr stereotyp und stimmt mit dem anderer Arten überein. Jedoch scheinen Modifikationen des Kokonnetzes stark von den Merkmalen und dem Design des normalen Spinnennetzes abhängig zu sein.
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